Earth Sciences:
Geology: Plate tectonics, mineralogy, and petrology.
Meteorology: Weather patterns, climate change, and atmospheric dynamics.
Oceanography: Marine ecosystems, ocean currents, and deep-sea exploration.
Environmental Science: Pollution control, sustainable development, and resource management.
Geophysics:
Seismology: Earthquake dynamics, wave propagation, and seismic hazard assessment.
Geomagnetism: Earth's magnetic field, magnetosphere, and paleomagnetism.
Gravimetry: Gravity anomalies, geoid modeling, and Earth's density structure.
Geodynamics: Mantle convection, plate tectonics, and crustal deformation.
Geodesy:
Satellite Geodesy: GPS, GNSS, and satellite altimetry.
Physical Geodesy: Earth's shape, gravity field, and geoid determination.
Geodetic Positioning: High-precision measurements, reference frames, and time systems.
Deformation Monitoring: Crustal movements, subsidence, and strain analysis.
Observational and Computational Seismology:
Observational Seismology: Seismic networks, earthquake catalogs, and real-time monitoring.
Computational Seismology: Earthquake simulation, seismic wave modeling, and inversion techniques.
Earthquake Hazard and Risk Assessment: Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), ground motion prediction, and risk mitigation strategies.
Seismic Tomography: Imaging Earth's interior, mantle plumes, and subduction zones.